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How to test pure functions with Jest

Unit Testing: Jestjest, logic, pure function, test

Test cases for pure functions focus on verifying consistent outputs for given inputs without side effects. Use toEqual for deep equality, toThrow for error handling, and toBeCloseTo for floating-point precision. Group tests with describe blocks for better organization and maintainability.

Advanced Topics

How to use bitwise operators in JavaScript

Advanced Topicsbinary, bitwise, logic, operators

JavaScript bitwise operator precedence, &, ^, | lower than ==/!=; always parenthesize (options & FLAG) == FLAG. Signed 32-bit interpretation: use >>> 0 or debugBits to view hex. Bitwise truncates to 32-bit; use BigInt for >32-bit. Avoid ~indexOf; use includes.